Calcium Imaging

3-Second Blueprint (English)

1. Action potentials open voltage-gated calcium channels, letting sensors like GCaMP report neural activity via Ca²⁺-bound fluorescence.
2. Viral GCaMP expression enables minimally invasive optical recording of thousands of cell-type-specific neurons via 2P or miniscopes.
3. Slow intracellular Ca²⁺ clearance masks subthreshold or hyperpolarizing events and limits spike-rate inference accuracy.